Bioinfomatics

DNA (upstream, downstream, promoter), Central Dogma

ํƒฑ์ ค 2021. 1. 18. 16:28

upstream/downstream

 

DNA์™€ RNA์—์„œ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์œ„์น˜

 

DNA, RNA -> 5'๊ณผ 3' 

 

DNA๋Š” 5' -> 3'์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต์ œ๋จ(๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ)

๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์—์„œ downstream ์˜์—ญ์€ upstream์˜์—ญ์ด๋‹ค

์ถœ์ฒ˜:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstream_and_downstream_(DNA)

 

ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจํ„ฐ(promoter)๋ž€?

 

์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ์—ญํ• , ์–ธ์ œ ์–ด๋””์„œ ์–ด๋Š์ •๋„ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ผ๊ธฐ ์„œ์—ด

์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจํ„ฐ ์˜์—ญ์— ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•จ

๋น„์ฃผํ˜•๊ฐ€๋‹ฅ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ์‹œ์ž‘์„ ์•Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—ผ๊ธฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„

 

Base pair(์—ผ๊ธฐ์Œ)

 

ํ•ต์‚ฐ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค ์ค‘์— ์ˆ˜์†Œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋‘ ์—ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๊ฒƒ

DNA: GC, AT

RNA: GC, AU

 

์ฝ”๋ˆ

 

  • ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ”Œ๋ › ์ฝ”๋“œ์˜ ๋‹จ์œ„
    • ํŠธ๋ฆฌํ”Œ๋ › ์ฝ”๋“œ: ์œ ์ „ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ธ Central Dogma์˜ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฌถ์—ฌ์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” mRNA์˜ 3๊ฐœ ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด, 3๊ฐœ ์—ผ๊ธฐ ์กฐํ•ฉ์€ ์•”ํ˜ธ ์ •๋ณด๋กœ ํ•ด์„๋จ --> '์ฝ”๋“œ'
  • ์ฝ”๋ˆ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”
    • ์œ ์ „์ž ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ ์„œ์—ด๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ
    • ํ‘œ์ค€ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ฝ”๋“œ
      • ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์†œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์งˆ ๋•Œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ์ง€์‹œํ•˜๋Š” mRNA --> mRNA ์„œ์—ด์€ genome DNA์˜ ์„œ์—ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •
      • ์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ RNA ์ฝ”๋ˆ ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ
    • Start Codon
      • AUG: ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ --> ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ๊ฐœ์‹œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธ
    • Stop Codon
      • UAA, UAG, UGA: ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ์ข…๋ฃŒ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธ

 

Central Dogma

  • ๋ถ„์ž์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์›๋ฆฌ

Central dogma

  • DNA, RNA, ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์œ ์ „ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •
  • ๋ณต์ œ(replication): DNA -> DNA

  • ์ „์‚ฌ(transcription): DNA -> RNA
    • messenger RNA(mRNA): ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋˜๋Š” RNA, ์ „์‚ฌ๋œ ์œ ์ „ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์„ธํฌํ•ต ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋„๋ก ํ•จ.
    • Non-(protein)-coding RNA (ncRNA): ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” RNA
    • Transcription์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ: 5' -> 3'
    • RNA splicing: pre-mRNA์—์„œ intron ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์‚ญ์ œํ•˜๊ณ  exon์„ ์ด์–ด์คŒ
    • ๊ฐœ์‹œ -> ์‹ ์žฅ -> ์ข…๊ฒฐ
    • ๊ฐœ์‹œ: RNA polymerase(DNA๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ RNA๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ)๊ฐ€ promoter์— ๋ถ™์–ด ์ด์ค‘๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ํ’€๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์‹œ์ž‘
    • ์‹ ์žฅ: RNA polymerase๊ฐ€ 5' -> 3' ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์ž„
    • ์ข…๊ฒฐ: RNA์™€ RNA polymerase๊ฐ€ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ „์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„
  • ๋ฒˆ์—ญ(translation): RNA -> ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ
    • Cytoplasm์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜จ mRNA์— ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์†œ๊ณผ tRNA๊ฐ€ ๋ถ™์Œ
    • mRNA์˜ ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด์„ 3๊ฐœ๋‹จ์œ„(=์ฝ”๋ˆ)์œผ๋กœ ์ฝ์–ด์„œ 1๊ฐœ์˜ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ
    • start/stop codon์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๊ณผ ๋์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ

์ „์‚ฌ์ธ์ž(Transcription Factor, TF)

  • ํƒ€์ผ“ ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ DNA์— ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•ด ํƒ€๊ฒŸ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋„๋Š” ์Šค์œ„์น˜ ์—ญํ• ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ
  • ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ์•ž๋ถ€๋ถ„์—” RNA ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ํšจ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” Promoter ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด ์กด์žฌ
  • ํ”„๋กœ๋ชจํ„ฐ์˜ TFBS(Transcription Factor Binding Site)์— ๋ถ™์–ด RNA ํ•ฉ์„ฑํšจ์†Œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ์กฐ์ ˆ
  • ํŠน์ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์‚ฌ์ธ์ž๋“ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด, ๊ฐ ์„ธํฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํŠน์ • ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์œ ๋„๋จ
  • ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ „์‚ฌ์ธ์ž(General Trnascription Factor; GTF), ์ „์‚ฌ ํ™œ์„ฑ์ธ์ž(Activator), ์ „์‚ฌ ์–ต์ œ์ธ์ž(Repressor)
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